Relationship between Microsoft Server and Desktop OS Versions

Each major release of the Windows Server Operating System corresponds to a regular Windows OS version. When researching available artifacts accross different OS's it can be helpful (and sometimes interesting) to know which versions correspond to each other.

Posting this as a reference, given the number of times I have sought to map them. But it should be noted that the mapping is not 1:1 and I'm not aware of an official resource to compare against.